- Levels of organisation in living beings: overview.
- Bioelements.
- Biomolecules: organic and inorganic; main types; their role in the human being.
- Cells: unicellular and multicellular beings; eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and organisms; components (and their functions) of prokaryotic, plant and animal cells.
- Overview of the cell activity: nutrition, interaction and reproduction.
- Supracellular levels of organisation: thalluses, tissues, organs, systems of organs, apparatuses.
- The meaning of nutrition in living beings: nutrition as an exchange of matter and energy. Humans as heterotrophs.
- Overview of the nutrition in humans; organ systems involved (digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system and excretory system).
- The digestive system anatomy: alimentary canal and accessory glands.
- Stages of the digestive system work: ingestion, digestion (types, stages, enzymes), absorption and elimination.
- Ventilation and respiration as contributing processes to human nutrition.
- The respiratory system anatomy: respiratory pathways, lungs, ribcage.
- The respiratory system physiology: breathing movements, gas exchange, breathing rhythm control.
- Components of the blood: plasma and blood cells (types and functions).
- The cardiovascular system: blood vessels (types and roles); the heart (structure and function); cardiovascular circuits.
- Overview of the lymphatic system.
- The urinary system: its role in homeostasis and waste disposal; structure and function of the kidney; structure and function of the nephrons; composition of the urine as compared to the blood.
- The sweat glands: their role in homeostasis and waste disposal; composition of the sweat as compared to the blood.
- Types of nutrients.
- Types of foods.
- Balanced diets; basal metabolic rates.
- Specific diets: for weight management, for sports, for longevity.
- Food conservation, manipulation and marketing.
- Food production enhancement methods and their consequences: fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides, intensive farming, GM foods.
- The meaning of interaction and coordination in multicellular beings.
- Interaction and coordination in humans: stages involved (from stimuli to receptors); organ systems involved (receptors, nervous system, endocrine system and motor apparatus).
- Receptors: internal and external; types according to the stimuli detected, how the eye works; how the ear works; the skin as a receptor.
- The nervous tissue: neurones (and their structure) and glial cells, nerves, nerve impulse, synapse, neurotransmitters.
- The nervous system: structure, main organs (and their functions), types of nerves, types of nervous circuits.
- The endocrine system: endocrine glands, hormones (main kinds and their effects), target organs and target cells, stages and types of endocrine coordination, endocrine glands as effectors.
- Homeostasis: how the human body controls the internal temperature and the levels of fluids and metabolites.
- The motor apparatus: main muscles and bones; the muscles as effectors.
- Overall view of the process of reproduction in humans. Key concepts: gonads, gametes, fertilisation, zygote, embryo, fetus, pregnancy, childbirth.
- Sexual characteristics: primary and secondary. Puberty.
- Structure of the male and female reproductive systems.
- Features of the male and female gametes.
- The menstrual cycle.
- The reproductive process: fertilisation, implantation, fetal development and childbirth.
- Hormonal control of the reproduction related activity (gametogenesis, menstrual cycle and nursing).
- Contraception.
- Assisted reproduction.
- Concepts of health and disease.
- General types of diseases: infectious, hereditary, nutritional, chronic, terminal…
- Microbial diseases.
- Infectious diseases occurrence: epidemics and pandemics.
- Fighting infectious diseases: the immune system, vaccination, antibiotics.
- Malnutrition, eating disorders and digestive system related diseases.
- Respiratory system related diseases.
- Circulatory system related diseases.
- Good habits to keep a healthy heart.
- Urinary system related diseases.
- Degenerative nervous diseases.
- Drug addictions.
- Alcohol, tobacco and caffeine.
- Sensory organs related diseases.
- Endocrine system related diseases.
- Sexually transmitted diseases.
- Cancer.
- Organic matter vs. inorganic matter. Geochemical elements.
- Crystalline matter vs. amorphous matter. Crystals vs. glasses. Minerals vs. mineraloids.
- Physical properties of the minerals: crystal structure, growth habit, density, hardness, tenacity, cleavage, lustre, colour, streak, others.
- Classification of the minerals. Some important minerals and their physical properties.
- Obtaining minerals. Beds and mines.
- Uses of the minerals. Main metallic ores. Main gemstones.
- Concept of rock and how it relates to the concept of mineral.
- Basic properties of the rocks: structure, mineral composition and age.
- Sedimentary rocks: formation process, occurrence, strata, major types and main examples.
- The formation of coal and petroleum.
- Igneous rocks: formation process and its determining factors, occurrence, major types and main examples.
- Metamorphic rocks: formation process and its determining factors, occurrence, major types and main examples.
- The rock cycle.
- Rocks as resources for human societies.
- Major lithological units in Spain.