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ESO 4. Biology and Geology

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1. Cellular Functions
Osmotic pressure on plant cellsOsmotic pressure on plant cellsOsmotic pressure on blood cellsOsmotic pressure on blood cellsTypes of endocitosisTypes of endocitosisEnzymatic actionEnzymatic actionDiagram of the mitosis (I)Diagram of the mitosis (I)Diagram of the mitosis (II)Diagram of the mitosis (II)The mitosis under the light microscopeThe mitosis under the light microscopeFluorescent micrograph of the cell in metaphaseFluorescent micrograph of the cell in metaphase
2. Heredity and Transmission
Human male karyotypeHuman male karyotypeHuman female karyotypeHuman female karyotypeCodominanceCodominanceIndependent assortment and segregation of alleles in meiosisIndependent assortment and segregation of alleles in meiosisDouble-stranded DNA: the double helix (I)Double-stranded DNA: the double helix (I)Double-stranded DNA: the double helix (II)Double-stranded DNA: the double helix (II)DNA<sub>ds</sub> base pairing (I)DNAds base pairing (I)DNA<sub>ds</sub> base pairing (II)DNAds base pairing (II)Gene, DNA and chromosomeGene, DNA and chromosomeSingle chromosome mutationsSingle chromosome mutationsTwo chromosome mutationsTwo chromosome mutationsGenetic manipulation: making recombinant DNA (I)Genetic manipulation: making recombinant DNA (I)Genetic manipulation: making recombinant DNA (II)Genetic manipulation: making recombinant DNA (II)Genetic manipulation: making sticky endsGenetic manipulation: making sticky endsAnimal cloning by nuclear transfer (I)Animal cloning by nuclear transfer (I)Animal cloning by nuclear transfer (II): Dolly the sheepAnimal cloning by nuclear transfer (II): Dolly the sheep
3. The Evolution of Living Matter
The voyage of the BeagleThe voyage of the BeagleDarwin's first evolutionary treeDarwin's first evolutionary treeRecombination by independent segregation of chromosomes in meiosisRecombination by independent segregation of chromosomes in meiosisRecombination by crossing over in meiosis (I)Recombination by crossing over in meiosis (I)Recombination by crossing over in meiosis (II)Recombination by crossing over in meiosis (II)Recombination by crossing over in meiosis (III)Recombination by crossing over in meiosis (III)Evolutionary change in the peppered mothEvolutionary change in the peppered mothNatural selection of peppered moth for dark colorationNatural selection of peppered moth for dark colorationNatural selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteriaNatural selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteriaTypes of speciation by cladogenesisTypes of speciation by cladogenesisSpeciation by geographic isolation: Darwin's finchesSpeciation by geographic isolation: Darwin's finchesDarwin's caricature as an apeDarwin's caricature as an apeIntelligent DesignIntelligent Design
4. Natural History of the Earth
Why is the fossil record gappy and uneven?Why is the fossil record gappy and uneven?Ripple marksRipple marksArtistic depiction of the protoplanetary diskArtistic depiction of the protoplanetary diskArtistic depiction of the process of accretion in the protoplanetary diskArtistic depiction of the process of accretion in the protoplanetary diskArtistic depiction of the collision between Theia and the Earth (I)Artistic depiction of the collision between Theia and the Earth (I)Artistic depiction of the collision between Theia and the Earth (II)Artistic depiction of the collision between Theia and the Earth (II)Acasta gneiss (I)Acasta gneiss (I)Acasta gneiss (II)Acasta gneiss (II)Earth's ice through geologic timeEarth's ice through geologic timeEarth's clockEarth's clockFossil stromatolitesFossil stromatolitesAlive stromatolites in Shark Bay, AustraliaAlive stromatolites in Shark Bay, AustraliaFilamentous cyanobacteriaFilamentous cyanobacteriaDepiction of Ediacaran life formsDepiction of Ediacaran life formsAnatomy of trilobitesAnatomy of trilobitesTrilobite in lateral and ventral viewsTrilobite in lateral and ventral viewsEnrolled trilobiteEnrolled trilobiteCruziana, trackways of trilobites (I)Cruziana, trackways of trilobites (I)Cruziana, trackways of trilobites (II)Cruziana, trackways of trilobites (II)Reconstruction of an ammoniteReconstruction of an ammoniteLarge ammonite fossilLarge ammonite fossilIridiscent ammonite fossilIridiscent ammonite fossilThe truth about dinosaursThe truth about dinosaursFossil of <i>Archaeopteryx</i> (I)Fossil of Archaeopteryx (I)Fossil of <i>Archaeopteryx</i> (II) with impressions of feathersFossil of Archaeopteryx (II) with impressions of feathersFossil of <i>Archaeopteryx</i> (III) with impressions of feathersFossil of Archaeopteryx (III) with impressions of feathersReplica of an <i>Archaeopteryx</i> skeletonReplica of an Archaeopteryx skeletonModel of <i>Archaeopteryx</i>Model of ArchaeopteryxThe crater of ChicxulubThe crater of ChicxulubPhylogenetic tree of PrimatesPhylogenetic tree of PrimatesHominoids' skeletonsHominoids' skeletonsPhylogenetic tree of Hominines (I)Phylogenetic tree of Hominines (I)Phylogenetic tree of Hominines (II)Phylogenetic tree of Hominines (II)Phylogenetic tree of Hominines (III)Phylogenetic tree of Hominines (III)Pelvic girdle in homininesPelvic girdle in homininesToumaï (<i>Sahelanthhropus tchadensis</i>)Toumaï (Sahelanthhropus tchadensis)<i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i>Ardipithecus ramidus<i>Paranthropus aethiopicus</i>Paranthropus aethiopicus<i>Paranthropus boisei</i> (I)Paranthropus boisei (I)<i>Paranthropus boisei</i> (II)Paranthropus boisei (II)<i>Kenyanthropus platyops</i>Kenyanthropus platyopsLucy (<i>Australopithecus afarensis</i>)Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis)Reconstruction of the skull of <i>Australopithecus afarensis</i>Reconstruction of the skull of Australopithecus afarensisMrs. Ples (<i>Australopithecus africanus</i>)Mrs. Ples (Australopithecus africanus)<i>Homo habilis</i>Homo habilisTurkana boy (<i>Homo ergaster</i>)Turkana boy (Homo ergaster)Incomplete skull of <i>Homo antecessor</i> from Atapuerca (Spain)Incomplete skull of Homo antecessor from Atapuerca (Spain)<i>Homo heidelbergensis</i>Homo heidelbergensis<i>Homo neanderthalensis</i>Homo neanderthalensisArchaic <i>Homo sapiens</i> (Cro-Magnon)Archaic Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon)Comparison between <i>H. sapiens</i> and <i>H. neanderthalensis</i> skullsComparison between H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis skulls
5. Plant Physiology
Leaf anatomyLeaf anatomyLeaf anatomy and stomaLeaf anatomy and stomaCross section of a leaf (I)Cross section of a leaf (I)Cross section of a leaf (II)Cross section of a leaf (II)Cross section of a leaf (III)Cross section of a leaf (III)Stomata (I)Stomata (I)Stomata (II)Stomata (II)Stomata (III)Stomata (III)Stomata (IV)Stomata (IV)Internal root anatomyInternal root anatomyCross section of a rootCross section of a rootInternal stem anatomyInternal stem anatomyVascular bundles of the stemVascular bundles of the stemCross section of a celery stalkCross section of a celery stalkCross section of a stemCross section of a stemXylemXylemPhloemPhloemWater movement in plantsWater movement in plantsFlowering spike of a meadow foxtailFlowering spike of a meadow foxtailPine pollen grainPine pollen grainFruit diagramFruit diagramTypes of budsTypes of buds
6. Dynamics of Ecosystems
Trophic chainsTrophic chainsTrophic webTrophic webCarbon cycle (I)Carbon cycle (I)Carbon cycle (II)Carbon cycle (II)Nitrogen cycle (I)Nitrogen cycle (I)Nitrogen cycle (II)Nitrogen cycle (II)The flow of the Sun's radiation across the Earth (I)The flow of the Sun's radiation across the Earth (I)The flow of the Sun's radiation across the Earth (II)The flow of the Sun's radiation across the Earth (II)Variation of temperatures in the last 130 yearsVariation of temperatures in the last 130 yearsVariation of temperatures and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in the last 130 yearsVariation of temperatures and CO2 concentrations in the last 130 yearsRecords of monthly temperatures in the last 130 yearsRecords of monthly temperatures in the last 130 yearsVariation of temperatures between 1979 and 2008Variation of temperatures between 1979 and 2008Main sources of CO<sub>2</sub> emissionsMain sources of CO2 emissionsAnnual greenhouse gas emissions by sectorAnnual greenhouse gas emissions by sectorSeasonal melting of the Greenland ice sheetSeasonal melting of the Greenland ice sheetMeasures to cool down the EarthMeasures to cool down the EarthWorldwide consumption of CFCs and HCFCsWorldwide consumption of CFCs and HCFCsCauses and consequences of acid rainCauses and consequences of acid rainAcid rain damaged woodAcid rain damaged woodAcid rain damaged monumentAcid rain damaged monumentWhat kills more than 8,000,000 people every year?What kills more than 8,000,000 people every year?The most dangerous species in the Mediterranean seaThe most dangerous species in the Mediterranean seaAccumulation of DDT through the food chainsAccumulation of DDT through the food chainsLand use before and after humansLand use before and after humansEcoregions statusEcoregions statusExtinction hotspotsExtinction hotspotsHow would the Earth change if Mankind died off?How would the Earth change if Mankind died off?
7. The Earth's Internal Energy
Earth's cutawayEarth's cutawayConvection currents in the AsthenosphereConvection currents in the AsthenosphereProminent hotspots (I)Prominent hotspots (I)Prominent hotspots (II)Prominent hotspots (II)Heat flow in the GeosphereHeat flow in the GeosphereThe structure of a volcanoThe structure of a volcanoMount Egmont volcano in New ZealandMount Egmont volcano in New ZealandCleveland volcano in the Aleutian IslandsCleveland volcano in the Aleutian IslandsVolcanic landscape in Saudi ArabiaVolcanic landscape in Saudi ArabiaHawaii archipelagoHawaii archipelagoMons Olympus volcano in MarsMons Olympus volcano in MarsThe Pacific Ring of FireThe Pacific Ring of FireMap of volcanoesMap of volcanoesMap of earthquakesMap of earthquakesMap of earthquakes epicenters in the past decadesMap of earthquakes epicenters in the past decadesQuakes in the Kuril-Kamchatka TrenchQuakes in the Kuril-Kamchatka TrenchTypes of seismic wavesTypes of seismic wavesDiagram of the formation of a tsunamiDiagram of the formation of a tsunamiWater retreatment in the coast of Sri-Lanka before the tsunamiWater retreatment in the coast of Sri-Lanka before the tsunamiThe HimalayasThe HimalayasThe opening of the Atlantic Ocean according to Antonio Snider-Pellegrini in 1858The opening of the Atlantic Ocean according to Antonio Snider-Pellegrini in 1858PangaeaPangaeaLabelled map of the tectonic platesLabelled map of the tectonic platesBlank map of the tectonic platesBlank map of the tectonic platesEarth's map showing the oceanic reliefEarth's map showing the oceanic reliefOceanic relief in the northern PacificOceanic relief in the northern PacificThe structure of a continental marginThe structure of a continental marginTypes of tectonic boundariesTypes of tectonic boundariesDivergent tectonic boundary in IcelandDivergent tectonic boundary in IcelandDivergent tectonic boundary in the Persian GulfDivergent tectonic boundary in the Persian GulfConvergent tectonic boundary between two continental platesConvergent tectonic boundary between two continental platesConvergent tectonic boundary between two continental plates: the HimalayasConvergent tectonic boundary between two continental plates: the HimalayasConvergent tectonic boundary between an oceanic and a continental plateConvergent tectonic boundary between an oceanic and a continental plateMarianas trenchMarianas trenchBathyscaphe TriesteBathyscaphe TriesteConvergent tectonic boundary between an oceanic plate and a mixed plateConvergent tectonic boundary between an oceanic plate and a mixed plateTransform boundary in the San Andreas faultTransform boundary in the San Andreas faultPeridotitePeridotiteGabbroGabbroDioriteDioriteGrey graniteGrey graniteRed graniteRed graniteSyeniteSyenitePegmatitePegmatitePorphyryPorphyryAndesiteAndesiteBasaltBasaltPumicePumiceObsidianeObsidianeSlateSlatePhyllitePhylliteMicaceous schistMicaceous schistMicaceous garnetiferous schistMicaceous garnetiferous schistBanded gneissBanded gneissAugen gneissAugen gneissMarbleMarbleQuartziteQuartzite
8. The Earth's External Energy
Frost shatteringFrost shatteringFrost shattering in the AntarcticaFrost shattering in the AntarcticaSand dunes in the Arabian Empty QuarterSand dunes in the Arabian Empty QuarterNamib desert with dunes up to 300 m tallNamib desert with dunes up to 300 m tallThe formation of glacial ice from snowThe formation of glacial ice from snowWest fjords in IcelandWest fjords in IcelandIce cap in IcelandIce cap in IcelandValley glacier in New ZealandValley glacier in New ZealandValley glacier in Switherland with medial morainesValley glacier in Switherland with medial morainesAblation zone, medial moraines and crevasses in the Bear Glacier, AlaskaAblation zone, medial moraines and crevasses in the Bear Glacier, AlaskaTongue of the Malaspina Glacier in AlaskaTongue of the Malaspina Glacier in AlaskaU-shaped glacial valleyU-shaped glacial valleyCirque glacier (I)Cirque glacier (I)Cirque glacier (II)Cirque glacier (II)The formation of a waterfallThe formation of a waterfallGorge and waterfallsGorge and waterfallsV-shaped river valleyV-shaped river valleyMeandersMeandersMeander in the river Duero, SpainMeander in the river Duero, SpainMeander in the river Meuse, FranceMeander in the river Meuse, FranceMeanders in the river Cauto, CubaMeanders in the river Cauto, CubaDry river channel and alluvial fan in IranDry river channel and alluvial fan in IranLene river delta, SiberiaLene river delta, SiberiaGanges river deltaGanges river deltaRiver Ebro deltaRiver Ebro deltaEstuaryEstuaryCoastal landformsCoastal landformsConglomerateConglomerateBrecciaBrecciaSandstoneSandstoneSiltstoneSiltstoneMudstoneMudstoneWeathered limestoneWeathered limestoneChalkChalkFossiliferous limestoneFossiliferous limestoneFlysch of Zumaia (I)Flysch of Zumaia (I)Flysch of Zumaia (II)Flysch of Zumaia (II)Flysch de Zumaia (III)Flysch de Zumaia (III)

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